C++

• Introduction
• Getting Output
• Datatype
• Variable Declaration
• Operator
• String Concatenation
• Getting input from user
• Working on Angles
• Escape Sequence
• Conditional Statements
• If statement
• Switch statement
• Loop
• While Loop
• For Loop
• Do While Loop
• Array
• Foreach Loop
• Multi dimensional array
• Nested Loop
• Jump Statements
• String Handling Function
• Methods or Functions
• Passing Parameter
• Method Overloading
• Void Method
• Returning Method
• Class
• Creating New Instance
• Constructor
• Constructor Overloading
• Destructor
• Inheritance
• Multi Level Inheritance
• Multiple Inheritance
• Sealed Class
• Pointers
• Upcasting
• Virtual Method
• Pure Virtual Method
• Enum
• Inline Function
• Validation of data
• Virtual Destructor
• Namespace
• Header File
• Exception Handling
• File Handling

Datatype

A data type is a type of data. Of course, that is rather circular definition, and also not very helpful. Therefore, a better definition is Datatype is a classification that specifies type, size, range alloted for value. Some common datatypes include int, string, char, string, bool. Below are the datatypes with their respective size and range.

Datatype	Size	Range
short	16-bit(2 bytes)	-32,768 to 32,767
unsigned short	16-bit(2 bytes)	0 to 65,535
signed short	16-bit(2 bytes)	-32,768 to 32,767
int	32-bit(4 bytes)	-2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647
unsigned int	32-bit(4 bytes)	0 to 4,294,967,295
signed int	32-bit(4 bytes)	-2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647
long	64-bit(8 bytes)	-9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to 9,223,372,036,854,775,8075
unsigned long	64-bit(8 bytes)	0 to 18,446,744,073,709,551,615
signed long	64-bit(8 bytes)	-9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to 9,223,372,036,854,775,8075
float	32-bit(4 bytes)	-3.402823e38 to 3.402823e38
double	64-bit(8 bytes)	-1.79769313486232e308 to 1.79769313486232e308
char	8-bit(1 byte)	Any valid single Character
bool	8-bit(1 byte)	True or False
string	A sequence of characters	Any Word or sentance

Tip
Don't try to memorize all the above datatypes, no programmer can memorize all datatypes with their size and range. so if needed bookmark this page and refer it. Internally C++ is having a method called sizeof(*datatype*), use this method to find memory of datatype.

Why are we having these many datatypes?
In order to explain this lets take a scenario,
Assume you are developing simple calculator mobile application. The size of that calculator application is going to 1GB. Now ask youself this question. if you are in the place of user, will you spend 1GB of mobile data and 1GB of your phone memory just for a calculator application? Definitely NO right. In this place by using datatype with lesser size in application can save up lot of memory, where memory savings actually matters.

Where to use what datatype?
For explaining this again let us take a new scenario,
Assume we going to get month value from user. We clearly know that month value cannot go below 1 and it cannot exceed 12. so in order to store value from 1 to 12 why we need to go with int, long which allots 32-bit, 64-bit memory respectively. Here we can use short which allots only 16-bit(2 bytes) of memory which is twice smaller than int, 4 times smaller than long.
short month = 10; (This is Variable Declaration we going to study in next article)

Exercises
Choose a datatype for below Values with lesser memory possible
256
654651
3.141592653
1.0003
$
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